Interview Prep — AI/ML Engineer

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#1. Core ML/NLP Foundations

  • Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning
  • Classification / Entity Extraction / Sentiment
  • NLP libraries: NLTK, spaCy, HuggingFace Transformers
  • CV pipelines: classification, detection, OCR, video analytics

#2. LLM Fine-Tuning

  • LoRA / QLoRA / PEFT
  • RLHF / DPO (instruction tuning)
  • Quantization & Distillation
  • When to fine-tune vs prompt vs RAG (judgment question)

#3. RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)

  • Ingestion → Chunking → Embeddings → Retrieval → Re-ranking
  • Hybrid search, query expansion, multi-hop retrieval
  • Grounded generation (reducing hallucination at generation time)
  • Vector DBs: Pinecone / Weaviate / Qdrant / pgvector / FAISS / Milvus

#4. Knowledge Graphs / Graph RAG

  • Neo4j (or equivalent)
  • When graph reasoning beats flat vector retrieval

#5. Agentic AI

  • Tool calling, planning, memory
  • Multi-agent orchestration
  • Human-in-the-loop checkpoints & guardrails
  • Frameworks: LangChain / LangGraph / LlamaIndex / CrewAI / AutoGen
  • Judgment: when NOT to use a framework

#6. Multi-Modal / Multi-Model Systems

  • Combining text + image + structured data in one pipeline
  • Large-scale distributed multimodal training/inference

#7. Evaluation & Hallucination

  • Offline/online eval harnesses
  • LLM-as-judge
  • Hallucination detection & mitigation
  • Task-completion measurement

#8. Serving & Infra (MLOps)

  • Inference servers: vLLM, Triton
  • Docker, CI/CD, Git, REST APIs, SQL
  • Cloud: AWS / GCP / Azure
  • K8s, Ray/Spark (distributed compute)
  • Kafka/Redis (streaming/caching)

#9. Observability

  • LangSmith / Langfuse / MLflow / OpenTelemetry / Arize Phoenix

#10. Governance & Security

  • Data protection, access control
  • Prompt-injection defenses
  • Model risk & compliance monitoring
  • Auditability, bias checks

#11. Core ML Stack

  • Python (production-quality, tested code)
  • PyTorch, Scikit-learn, pandas
  • Regulated industry exposure (finance/healthcare/insurance) — bonus